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This year’s Real World Cryptography Conference recently took place in Toronto, Canada. As usual, this conference organized by the IACR showcased recent academic results and industry perspectives on current cryptography topics over three days of presentations. A number of co-located events also took place before and after the conference, including the FHE.org Conference, the Real […]

During late summer 2023, Aleo Systems Inc. engaged NCC Group’s Cryptography Services team to conduct an implementation review of several components of snarkVM, a virtual machine for zero-knowledge proofs. The snarkVM platform allows users to write and execute smart contracts in an efficient, yet privacy-preserving manner by leveraging zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zk-SNARKs). […]

In Summer 2023, the Zcash Foundation engaged NCC Group to conduct a securityassessment of the Foundation’s FROST threshold signature implementation, based on thepaper FROST: Flexible Round-Optimized Schnorr Threshold Signatures. This projectimplements v12 of the draft FROST specification in Rust, with a variety of options availablefor underlying elliptic curve groups. The review was performed by three […]

Random number generators are the backbone of most cryptographic protocols, the crucial cornerstone upon which the security of all systems rely, yet they remain often overlooked. This blog post presents a real-world vulnerability discovered in the implementation of a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) based on the ChaCha20 cipher. Discovery of a biased PRNG During a […]

The Pedersen hash function has gained popularity due to its efficiency in the arithmetic circuits used in zero-knowledge proof systems. Hash functions are a crucial primitive in cryptography, and zero-knowledge proof systems often make heavy use of them, for example when computing Merkle tree roots and paths. Instead of being based on complex bit-fiddling operations […]

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) has become the de facto standard for protecting modern communications. ECC is widely used to perform asymmetric cryptography operations, such as to establish shared secrets or for digital signatures. However, insufficient validation of public keys and parameters is still a frequent cause of confusion, leading to serious vulnerabilities, such as leakage […]

Summary Stark Bank is a financial technology company that provides services to simplify and automate digital banking, by providing APIs to perform operations such as payments and transfers. In addition, Stark Bank maintains a number of cryptographic libraries to perform cryptographic signing and verification. These popular libraries are meant to be used to integrate with […]

The secure generation of parameters for zk-SNARKs is a crucial step in the trustworthiness of the resulting proof system. By highlighting some potential pitfalls and important security considerations of these implementations, NCC Group hopes to provide helpful pointers to all implementers and avoid the introduction of vulnerabilities detrimental to the confidence users have in the different applications of these systems.

On April 10, Apple and Google announced1, 2 that they were joining forces in an effort to help reduce the spread of COVID-19. Their solution leverages Bluetooth technology to trace interactions between individuals. This principle is known as contact tracing and public health agencies are heavily relying on it to monitor and prevent the spread […]